Effacer le tableau
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (October 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
| Effacer le tableau | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Second Congo War and Violence against pygmies | |
_-_Ituri.svg) Map of Ituri Province within the DRC. | |
| Location | Mambasa and the Ituri rainforest, Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Date | October 2002 to January 2003 |
Attack type | Genocidal massacre, Ethnic cleansing, cannibalism, war rape[1] |
| Deaths | 60,000[1][2] to 70,000[2] (40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed)[N 1] |
| Victims | Bambuti pygmies |
| Perpetrators | Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (Jean-Pierre Bemba) |
| Motive | Territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC |
Effacer le tableau (French pronunciation: [efɑse lə tablo], lit. 'erase the board' or 'clean the slate') was the operational name given to the genocide of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[1]
Background
[edit]In 2002, Mambasa was a town of about "20,000 to 25,000 inhabitants."[3] A Congolese town near the borders of Uganda and South Sudan, it lies in the eastern part of Ituri, which Human Rights Watch described in 2003 as "the bloodiest corner" of the DRC.[4]
The extermination was carried out by soldiers from the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC), who became known to locals as les effaceurs ("the erasers"), and troops from the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD-N).[5][6]
Massacre
[edit]The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region whose population numbered 90,000 by 2002.[1] The Bambuti were targeted specifically as the rebels considered them "subhuman", and it was believed by the rebels that the flesh of the Bambuti held "magical powers". These beliefs were also supported by bible passages (such as Deuteronomy 20:13–20:17) used by senior officers.[7] There were also reports of cannibalism being widespread.[6][8] It is estimated 60,000 to 70,000 Pygmy were killed in the campaign,[2] and over 100,000 more were displaced.[9] Investigations found that beyond the effaceurs, attacks on and the killing of the Bambuti became common among all forces during the Second Congo War.[6]
Aftermath
[edit]In March 2016, the International Criminal Court found Jean-Pierre Bemba guilty of human rights violations in the Central African Republic. Bemba was the vice president of the DRC, and leader of the MLC during the year-long extermination campaign,[10] but was fully acquitted by the ICC's appeal court in June 2018.[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Penketh 2004.
- ^ a b c d Seshadri, Raja (7 November 2005). "Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict". Case Study 163. The Inventory of Conflict & Environment, American University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Between October 2002 and January 2003, two the rebel groups, the MLC and RCD-N in the East of the Congo launched a premeditated, systematic genocide against the local tribes and Pygmies nicknamed operation "Effacer le Tableau" ("erase the board"). During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. The rebels even engaged in slavery and cannibalism. Human Rights Reports state that this was due to the fact that rebel groups, often far away from their bases of supply and desperate for food, enslaved the Pygmies on captured farms to grow provisions for their militias or when times get really tough simply slaughter them like animals and devour their flesh which some believe gives them magical powers. 11. Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated.
- ^ Annan 2003, p. 4.
- ^ "Covered in Blood" - Ethnically Targeted Violence in Northern DRC (Report). Vol. 15. Human Rights Watch. 7 July 2003. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023.
- ^ Deibert 2013, p. 98.
- ^ a b c Gilbert 2016, p. 43.
- ^ Annan 2003, p. 11.
- ^ Annan 2003, pp. 11, 13.
- ^ "Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2003: Mid-Year Review". ReliefWeb. OCHA. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022.
- ^ Lattimer 2016.
- ^ "ICC Appeals Chamber acquits former Congolese Vice President Bemba from war crimes charges". UN News. United Nations. 8 June 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
Notes
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Annan, Kofi A. (25 June 2003). Letter dated 25 June 2003 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (Report). United Nations Digital Library. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023.
- Gilbert, Jérémie (2016). Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1138666498.
- Lattimer, Mark (21 March 2016). "Bemba guilty verdict upholds doctrine of command responsibility". Minority Rights Group International. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- Penketh, Anne (6 July 2004). "Extermination of the pygmies". The Independent. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- Deibert, Michael (12 September 2013). The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-78032-348-0.
External links
[edit] | This Democratic Republic of the Congo-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
- African Pygmies
- Discrimination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa
- Massacres in 2002
- Massacres in 2003
- Massacres of ethnic groups
- Racially motivated violence
- Second Congo War
- 2000s massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- 2002 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- 2002 murders in Africa
- 2003 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- 2003 murders in Africa
- Democratic Republic of the Congo stubs